Wikidata:Lexicographical data/Documentation/Languages/de

German

language, modern language

Subclass of	South Germanic, West Germanic
Native label	Deutsch
Has grammatical case	nominative case, genitive case, dative case, accusative case
Has tense	present tense, future tense, preterite, perfect tense
Has grammatical mood	indicative, imperative, subjunctive
Has grammatical gender	masculine, feminine, neuter
Writing system	German alphabet, Latin script
Uses capitalization for	noun
Language regulatory body	Council for German Orthography, Leibniz Institute for the German Language
UNESCO language status	1 safe
Ethnologue language status	1 National
Studied in	German studies, theological languages
Related category	Category:German pronunciation
Entry in abbreviations table	нем.
Wikimedia language code	de

This is an outline of how German lexemes are currently modelled.

General

Language item

German (Q188)

Language code

• de is the main code used.
• de-ch is used for the Swiss spellings of words which contain "ß", e.g. Großeltern/Grosseltern (L3146).
• de-at is not used, since spelling doesn't differ between Germany and Austria.
• de-1901 represents the spellings which were valid between 1901 (following German Orthographic Conference of 1901 (Q2031873)) until the 1996 spelling reform (German orthography reform of 1996 (Q666027)). This is usually only used on forms and not on lemmas, as these spellings are historical and no longer officially correct. Example: Nuss (L295104)

Lexical categories

• noun (Q1084)
• verb (Q24905)
• adjective (Q34698)
• adverb (Q380057)
• proper noun (Q147276)
• conjunction (Q36484)
• preposition (Q4833830)
• article (Q103184)
• pronoun (Q36224)
• grammatical particle (Q184943)
• numeral (Q63116)

Properties

Etymology

• combines lexemes (P5238)
• derived from lexeme (P5191)

Other properties

• homograph lexeme (P5402) is used to link words with the same spelling and capitalisation.
• described by source (P1343)

Forms

Properties

• pronunciation audio (P443)
• IPA transcription (P898)
• hyphenation (P5279)

Senses

Properties

• item for this sense (P5137)
• demonym of (P6271)
• location of sense usage (P6084)
• translation (P5972)
• synonym (P5973)
• antonym (P5974)
• hyperonym (P6593)
• pertainym of (P8471)
• field of usage (P9488)

Nouns

• All verbs can be used as nouns by capitalising them (with gender neuter (Q1775461) and declension class -(e)s/- (Q105683521)). These should not normally be added as separate lexemes unless there is a good reason to, e.g. if they have new idiomatic meanings or if they have their own external IDs.

Properties

All nouns are expected to have grammatical gender (P5185) with one or more of masculine (Q499327), feminine (Q1775415) and neuter (Q1775461), or have instance of (P31) plurale tantum (Q138246).

Nouns which only have singular forms are expected to have instance of (P31) singulare tantum (Q604984).

Nouns which only have plural forms are expected to have instance of (P31) plurale tantum (Q138246).

Declension classes

Nouns should eventually have paradigm class (P5911) (not all classes exist yet)

Current items:

• n-declension (Q104023380)
  • All forms other than the nominative singular add -n or -en
  • Only masculine nouns
  • Usually words for people or animals
  • e.g. Bär (L6429), Elefant (L13311), Neffe (L34038)
• n-declension with genitive s (Q105099779)
  • Similar to n-declension (Q104023380) except the genitive singular adds -ens or -ns
  • Only masculine nouns
  • e.g. Name (L1062), Nachbar (L230775)
• -(e)s/- (Q105683521)
  • Plurals do not change, genitive singular adds -es or -s
  • Very common, used for lots of masculine words for people ending in -er and for neuter nouns formed from verbs
  • e.g. Wasser (L2098), Igel (L42299), Lehrer (L34167), Treffen (L36534)
• -/(e)n (Q105571268)
  • Plural forms add -n, -en or -nen
  • Often feminine words
  • e.g. Ente (L171), Person (L248778) ‎
• -/¨e (Q105627457)
  • Plural forms add -¨e
  • e.g. Maus (L2871), Nacht (L29396) ‎
• -(e)s/s (Q105658318)
  • Plural forms add -s, genitive singular adds -s
  • Often masculine or neuter loanwords or abbreviations
  • e.g. Kino (L7834), Tee (L305968)
• -/s (Q105628811)
  • Plural forms add -s
  • Often feminine loanwords or abbreviations
  • e.g. Party (L34024), Kamera (L7105), CD (L33742)‎
• adjectival declension (Q103383087)
  • Forms decline like adjectives
  • For nouns derived from adjectives
  • e.g. Erwachsene (L296511), Deutscher (L305205)

Proper nouns

• Place names should have instance of (P31) toponym (Q7884789)
• Given names should have instance of (P31) given name (Q202444)
• Surnames should have instance of (P31) family name (Q101352)

Forms

Forms for nouns are expected to have the following grammatical features:

• Either singular (Q110786) or plural (Q146786)
• One of nominative case (Q131105), genitive case (Q146233), dative case (Q145599) and accusative case (Q146078)

There should be at least one form for each of the 8 combinations of these features, except when the noun is a singulare tantum (Q604984) or plurale tantum (Q138246), in which case the lexeme should only have the 4 combinations using singular (Q110786) or plural (Q146786) respectively.

Form used in compounds

In addition to the standalone forms above, the form which a noun takes before another noun in a compound, e.g. Informations (L40399-F9) in Informationsquelle (L252527), should be added with the grammatical feature combining form (Q107614077).

The linking morpheme (Q1472909) is included in the combining form (Q107614077) of the noun rather than separately when using combines lexemes (P5238), e.g. Informationsquelle (L252527) combines Information (L40399) + Quelle (L7119), not Information (L40399) + "s" + Quelle (L7119).

Nouns form compounds in various ways, but each individual noun typically always forms compounds in the same way, so this information can be used to form new compounds.

When a noun has more than one combining form, object form (P5548) can be used as a qualifier on the combines lexemes (P5238) statement to specify which form is used.

These forms sometimes appear separately when listing multiple things where the second half of the compound is the same, e.g. Informations- und Kommunikationstechnik, "Erd- und Himbeere"

Verbs

• All verbs are expected to have instance of (P31) with weak verb (Q60655), strong verb (Q4129241) or irregular verb (Q70235).
• All verbs are expected to have auxiliary verb (P5401) with haben (L4179) and/or sein (L1761).
  • If a verb uses both auxiliary verbs, add both to the lexeme and then the appropriate auxiliary verb to each sense.
• Verbs with prefixes are expected to have instance of (P31) with either separable verb (Q3254028) or inseparable verb (Q105714288).
• Use nominalized form (P7706) to link to the noun form if it exists.

Forms

• Lexemes should not have forms for compound tenses, i.e. those which use auxiliary verbs, since those are regular and can be generated using auxiliary verb (P5401).
• Separate grammatical features should be used for person (e.g. first person (Q21714344)) and number (e.g. singular (Q110786)).

Lexemes should have forms for:

• infinitive (Q179230), this should match the lemma
• zu infinitive (Q100952920), this is the infinitive form used with "zu"
• present participle (Q10345583), the -end form which can be used to form adjectives
• past participle (Q12717679), the ge-...-t form which is used to form some compound tenses and can be used to form adjectives
• Present, past, subjunctive I, subjunctive II and imperative

Present, past, subjunctive I, subjunctive II and imperative forms are expected to have:

• One of first person (Q21714344), second person (Q51929049) or third person (Q51929074) for present, past, subjunctive I and subjunctive II, second person (Q51929049) for imperative
• singular (Q110786) or plural (Q146786)
• active (Q1317831)
• present tense (Q192613) for present, subjunctive I and imperative, preterite (Q442485) for past and subjunctive II
• indicative (Q682111) for present and past, subjunctive I (Q55685962) for subjunctive I, subjunctive II (Q54671845) for subjunctive II, imperative (Q22716) for imperative

Links

• Lexeme Forms template for German verbs

Adjectives

Properties

• Adjectives should have a word stem (P5187) statement, especially if they do not have predicative forms. This should be the same as the positive (Q3482678) predicative (Q1931259) form if it exists.
• Adjectives which do not have comparative or superlative forms (e.g. kostenlos (L487796)) should have instance of (P31) absolute adjective (Q332375).
• Adjectives which do not add case/gender endings on attributive forms (e.g. Aachener (L342884)) should have instance of (P31) indeclinable adjective (Q58691134).
• Ordinal numbers (e.g. dritte (L344268)) should have instance of (P31) ordinal numeral (Q923933).
• Multiplicative numbers (those ending in -fach, e.g. dreifach (L344252)) should have instance of (P31) multiplicative numeral (Q110063840).
• Use nominalized form (P7706) to link to the noun form if it exists.
• All present participle (Q10345583) and past participle (Q12717679) forms of verbs can be used as adjectives. These should not normally be added as separate lexemes unless there is a good reason to, e.g. if they have new idiomatic meanings or if they have their own external IDs.

Forms

For normal adjectives:

• Forms should have either predicative (Q1931259) or attributive (Q4818723) as grammatical features.
  • predicative (Q1931259) refers to forms which stand alone after verbs like sein and werden, e.g. das Auto ist blau. These forms don't have case/gender endings.
  • attributive (Q4818723) refers to forms which are used before nouns, e.g. das blaue Auto. These forms do have case/gender endings.
• Forms should have either positive (Q3482678), comparative (Q14169499) or superlative (Q1817208) as grammatical features, which marks the degree of comparison.
  • positive (Q3482678) is the usual form which is used when no comparison is being made, e.g. die Katze ist klein, die kleine Katze.
  • comparative (Q14169499) is used for forms which are used in comparisons where one thing is more (adjective) than another thing, e.g. die Katze ist kleiner als der Hund, die kleinere Katze.
  • superlative (Q1817208) is used for forms which are used in comparisons where one thing is the most (adjective) compared to the other things, e.g. die Katze ist am kleinsten, die kleinste Katze.

For each degree of comparison, there should be five attributive forms, ending in -e, -er, -en, -em and -es. Attributive forms should be entered as as separate forms even when they match one of the predicative forms (e.g. the -er attributive form and the comparative (Q14169499) predicative (Q1931259) form, the -e attributive form of adjectives already ending in -e).

Case/gender endings on attributive forms are completely regular. There are 18 total possible forms (3 predicative and 15 attributive). Rather than creating ~150 forms for each combination of case/gender, word stem (P5187) and/or the positive (Q3482678) predicative (Q1931259) form should be used to generate forms dynamically. With the exception of hoch (L227434), the attributive forms share the same stem as the predicative forms.

To do:

• Adjectives which are only used attributively.
• Adjectives where the stem changes.
• Are there any other exceptions other than hoch (L227434)?
• Info about how to generate forms dynamically. Should eventually have something in Wikifunctions too.

Adverbs

• All adjectives can be used as adverbs. These should not normally be added as separate lexemes unless there is a good reason to, e.g. if they have new idiomatic meanings or if they have their own external IDs.

Prepositions

Properties

• Use requires grammatical feature (P5713) with nominative case (Q131105), genitive case (Q146233), dative case (Q145599) or accusative case (Q146078) to mark which case the preposition is used with.

Pronouns

For pronouns, the lexical category is expected to be one of the following:

• personal pronoun (Q468801)
  • ich (L7877), du (L304139), etc.
• possessive pronoun (Q1502460)
  • mein (L411088), dein (L411089), etc.
  • Used before nouns and decline for case/gender, e.g. meine Katze, dein blaues Auto
• indefinite pronoun (Q956030)
• demonstrative pronoun (Q34793275)
  • der (L411097), dieser (L7881), ebensolch (L344332)
• interrogative pronoun (Q54310231)
  • was (L411101), wer (L226822)
• relative pronoun (Q1050744)
  • der (L411096), was (L411100), wer (L497294)
  • Used in relative clauses, e.g. die Katze, die gerade schläft.

These are used instead of pronoun (Q36224) because they behave differently, grammatically. It also makes it easier to distinguish pairs like der (L411096) and der (L411097) in the search.

Properties

• Neopronouns, typically created as gender-neutral alternatives to er (L41654) or sie (L41653), should have instance of (P31) neopronoun (Q97441379).

Suffixes

• Suffixes are expected to have creates lexeme type (P5923) with one of noun (Q1084), adjective (Q34698), adverb (Q380057) or verb (Q24905).

Noun suffixes

Suffixes which create nouns are expected to have similar properties and forms as nouns (see #Nouns), including:

• grammatical gender (P5185), for the gender that the noun will have
• paradigm class (P5911), for the way the noun will decline
• Forms with grammatical features for case and number

External IDs

Duden

The dictionary at duden.de can be linked using:

• Duden lexeme ID (P8376)

DWDS

The dictionaries at dwds.de can be linked using:

• DWDS lemma ID (P9940) [1] (Template:R:DWDS (Q26002053))
• EtymWb lemma ID (P10261) [2] (Template:R:de:EWbD (Q106624519))
• WDG lemma ID (P9947) [3]

Wörterbuchnetz

The dictionaries at woerterbuchnetz.de can be linked using:

• Adelung lemma ID (P9384)
• DWB lemma ID (P9385) (Template:R:Grimm (Q103256489))
• DWB2 lemma ID (P9386) (Template:R:Grimm (Q103256489) dictionary=DWB2)
• GWB lemma ID (P9387)
• Meyers lemma ID (P9388)
• RDWB1 lemma ID (P9389)
• Wander lemma ID (P9390)

grammis (Q106600001)

The dictionaries at grammis.ids-mannheim.de, can be linked using:

• Wörterbuch der Präpositionen ID (P10292) [4]
• Wörterbuch zur Verbvalenz ID (P11070) [5]
• described at URL (P973) for the following:
  • Wörterbuch der Konnektoren (Q106600300) [6]
  • Wörterbuch der Affixe (Q106600303) [7]
  • Datenbank Rechtschreibwortschatz (Q106600304) [8]
  • Verzeichnis grundlegender grammatischer Fachausdrücke (Q108740876) [9]
  • Wissenschaftliche Terminologie (Q108740873) [10]

Other dictionaries

• Digital Dictionary of Surnames in Germany ID (P6597) [11]

Dictionaries with no dedicated property

Other online dictionaries which don't (yet) have a dedicated property can be linked using described at URL (P973).

Some examples:

OWID (Q1231557)

• elexiko ID (P11519)
• OWID Sprichwörterbuch ID (P11522)
• OWID Deutsches Fremdwörterbuch ID (P11521)
• OWID Neologismenwörterbuch ID (P11520)
• OWID Kommunikationsverben ID (P11523)
• Kleines Wörterbuch der Verlaufsformen im Deutschen ID (P11524)

wissen.de

• Wahrig Fremdwörterlexikon A−Z [12]
• Wahrig Synonymwörterbuch A−Z [13]
• Wahrig Herkunftswörterbuch A−Z [14]
• Großes Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache [15]
• Gesundheitslexikon A−Z [16]
• Vornamenlexikon A−Z [17]

Others

• An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language
• Phraseo
• phrasen.org
• sprichwoerter-redewendungen.de
• Sprichwort-Plattform
• Tatoeba
• GEOlino Redewendungen

Use of novalue

Most German lexemes are expected to have an entry in the Duden or in the main DWDS dictionary. Those which don't should have Duden lexeme ID (P8376) or DWDS lemma ID (P9940) no value with a point in time (P585) qualifier with the current date.

Similar statements should be added for other properties if the dictionary only has an entry for a homograph of the lexeme.

Entity schemas

• German lexeme
• German noun
• German noun (full)
• German verb

Wikifunctions

• Z11722
• Z11729
• Z11739
• Z11749
• Z11753
• Z11762
• Z11789
• Z11834
• Z11991
• Z11996
• Z12004

Links

• Kategorie:Singularetantum (Deutsch) in the German Wiktionary
• Kategorie:Pluraletantum (Deutsch) in the German Wiktionary