Leg length, body proportion, and health: a review with a note on beauty (Q28752120)

19 September 2019

6 October 2019

31 July 2020

Vertebrate limb development: moving from classical morphogen gradients to an integrated 4-dimensional patterning system

15 December 2020

0 references

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2872302

Out of Africa: modern human origins special feature: human origins: out of Africa

16 March 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2872302

Temperature regulates limb length in homeotherms by directly modulating cartilage growth

16 March 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2872302

Support from the relationship of genetic and geographic distance in human populations for a serial founder effect originating in Africa

16 March 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2872302

Endurance running and the evolution of Homo

16 March 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2872302

Implications of biogeography of human populations for 'race' and medicine

16 March 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2872302

Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus: the thrifty phenotype hypothesis

16 March 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2872302

IGF-I, insulin and prostate cancer

7 April 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2872302

Fine mapping a locus controlling leg morphology in the domestic dog

3 June 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2872302

Childhood, adolescence, and longevity: A multilevel model of the evolution of reserve capacity in human life history

3 June 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2872302

Replication of long-bone length QTL in the F9-F10 LG,SM advanced intercross.

3 June 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2872302

Predicting human height by Victorian and genomic methods

3 June 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2872302

Height and relative leg length as indicators of the quality of the environment among Mozambican juveniles and adolescents

3 June 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2872302

DNA methylation: an introduction to the biology and the disease-associated changes of a promising biomarker.

3 June 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2872302

Fatness biases the use of estimated leg length as an epidemiological marker for adults in the NHANES III sample

3 June 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2872302

Patterns of correlation and covariation of anthropoid distal forelimb segments correspond to Hoxd expression territories.

3 June 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2872302

Human biological adaptability. The ecological approach in physical anthropology

3 June 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2872302

Behavioral, environmental, metabolic and intergenerational components of early life undernutrition leading to later obesity in developing nations and in minority groups in the U.S.A.

3 June 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2872302

The thrifty phenotype as an adaptive maternal effect

3 June 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2872302

Early life events and their consequences for later disease: a life history and evolutionary perspective

3 June 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2872302

Parental investment, late reproduction, and increased reserve capacity are associated with longevity in humans

3 June 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2872302

Physical attractiveness and health in Western societies: a review

3 June 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2872302

Bone growth in length and width: the Yin and Yang of bone stability.

3 June 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2872302

Associations of components of adult height with coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women: the British women's heart and health study

3 June 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2872302

Cancer risk following growth hormone use in childhood: implications for current practice

3 June 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2872302

Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, IGF binding protein (IGFBP)-3, phosphoisoforms of IGFBP-1 and postnatal growth in very-low-birth-weight infants

3 June 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2872302

Rapid morphological change in living humans: implications for modern human origins

3 June 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2872302

Body weight, race and climate

3 June 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2872302

Olmec sculptures of the human fetus

3 June 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2872302

Influence of height, leg and trunk length on pulse pressure, systolic and diastolic blood pressure

3 June 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2872302

Associations of height, leg length, and lung function with cardiovascular risk factors in the Midspan Family Study

3 June 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2872302

Rapid change in height and body proportions of Maya American children

3 June 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2872302

Height, leg length, and cancer risk: a systematic review

3 June 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2872302

Genetics of human body size and shape: body proportions and indices

3 June 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2872302

Growth of upper- and lower-body segments in Patamona and Wapishana Amerindian children (cross-sectional data).

3 June 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2872302

Leg length, insulin resistance, and coronary heart disease risk: the Caerphilly Study

3 June 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2872302

Fetal and infant markers of adult heart diseases

3 June 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2872302

A new method for discriminating African-American from European-American skeletons using postcranial osteometrics reflective of body shape.

3 June 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2872302

Climatic influences on human body size and proportions: ecological adaptations and secular trends

3 June 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2872302

Childhood leg length and adult mortality: follow up of the Carnegie (Boyd Orr) Survey of Diet and Health in Pre-war Britain

3 June 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2872302

Homeobox genes in embryogenesis and pathogenesis

3 June 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2872302

Allometry and adaptation of body proportions and stature in African pygmies

3 June 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2872302

"Race" specificity and the femur/stature ratio.

3 June 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2872302

Significance of the upper segment of the body: a hypothesis to consider

3 June 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2872302

Height and weight of adults ages 18-74 years by socioeconomic and geographic variables

3 June 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2872302

Growth of Head, Face, Trunk, and Limbs in Philadelphia White and Negro Children of Elementary and High School Age

3 June 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2872302

Why man is such a sweaty and thirsty naked animal: a speculative review

3 June 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2872302

Linear growth of Zapotec schoolchildren: growth status and yearly velocity for leg length and sitting height

3 June 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2872302

Body proportions in Turner's syndrome

3 June 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2872302

Maternal health during childhood and later reproductive performance

3 June 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2872302

Body proportions in three ethnic groups: children and youths 2-17 years in NHANES II and HHANES

3 June 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2872302

Nutritional status of Efe pygmies and Lese horticulturists

3 June 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2872302

Disproportionate growth of the lower extremities. A major determinant of short stature in Turner's syndrome

3 June 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2872302

Variation in juvenile dependence : Helping behavior among Maya children

3 June 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2872302

Relationship of insulin-like growth factors system gene polymorphisms with the susceptibility and pathological development of hepatocellular carcinoma.

27 November 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2872302

Quantifying female bodily attractiveness by a statistical analysis of body measurements

27 November 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2872302

Childhood circumstances and anthropometry: The Boyd Orr cohort

27 November 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2872302

27 November 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2872302

Are height and leg length universal markers of childhood conditions? The Guangzhou Biobank cohort study

27 November 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2872302

Intergenerational gains in relative knee height as compared to gains in relative leg length within Taiwanese families

27 November 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2872302

Is leg length a biomarker of childhood conditions in older Chinese women? The Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study.

27 November 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2872302

The associations between height components (leg and trunk length) and adult levels of liver enzymes

27 November 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2872302

Tradeoffs between oxygen and energy in tibial growth at high altitude

27 November 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2872302

Life history trade-offs in human growth: adaptation or pathology?

27 November 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2872302

Changes in body size, shape and nutritional status of middle-class Bengali boys of Kolkata, India, 1982--2002.

27 November 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2872302

Associations between head circumference, leg length and dementia in a Korean population.

27 November 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2872302

Age- and site-specific decline in insulin-like growth factor-I receptor expression is correlated with differential growth plate activity in the mouse hindlimb.

27 November 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2872302

Growth hormone is effective in treatment of short stature associated with short stature homeobox-containing gene deficiency: Two-year results of a randomized, controlled, multicenter trial.

27 November 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2872302

Birth weight, components of height and coronary heart disease: evidence from the Whitehall II study

27 November 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2872302

Smoking during pregnancy and components of stature in offspring

27 November 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2872302

Relationship between sitting-height-to-stature ratio and adiposity in Brazilian women

27 November 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2872302

Secular change in height, sitting height and leg length in rural Oaxaca, southern Mexico: 1968-2000.

27 November 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2872302

Parents' growth in childhood and the birth weight of their offspring

27 November 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2872302

Brain growth, life history, and cognition in primate and human evolution

27 November 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2872302

Fetal origins of adult disease: strength of effects and biological basis.

27 November 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2872302

Why are nutritionally stunted children at increased risk of obesity? Studies of metabolic rate and fat oxidation in shantytown children from São Paulo, Brazil.

27 November 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2872302

Secular change in long bone length and proportion in the United States, 1800-1970.

27 November 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2872302

Eight thousand years of economic and political history in Latin America revealed by anthropometry

27 November 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2872302

Skeletal proportions and metabolic disorders in adults.

27 November 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2872302

Increase in length of leg relative to trunk in Japanese children and adults from 1957 to 1977: comparison with British and with Japanese Americans

27 November 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2872302

Continuing Positive Secular Growth Change in the Netherlands 1955–1997

27 November 2018

1 reference

12 December 2020

Leg growth following umbilical artery catheter-associated thrombus formation: A 4-year follow-up

1 reference

12 December 2020

Leg and trunk length at 43 years in relation to childhood health, diet and family circumstances; evidence from the 1946 national birth cohort

1 reference

12 December 2020

Growth pattern and body proportion in a female with short stature homeobox-containing gene overdosage and gonadal estrogen deficiency

1 reference

12 December 2020

Association between leg length and offspring birthweight: partial explanation for the trans-generational association between birthweight and cardiovascular disease: findings from the British Women's Heart and Health Study

1 reference

12 December 2020

The diagnosis of malnutrition in man

1 reference

12 December 2020

1 reference

12 December 2020

Visual perception of female physical attractiveness

1 reference

12 December 2020

Economic and anthropological assessments of the health of children in Maya immigrant families in the US

1 reference

12 December 2020

Stunted children gain less lean body mass and more fat mass than their non-stunted counterparts: a prospective study

1 reference

12 December 2020

Early life influences on adult leg and trunk length in the 1958 British birth cohort

1 reference

12 December 2020

How useful is knemometry in measuring neonatal growth?

1 reference

12 December 2020

Evolutionary perspectives on human nutrition: The influence of brain and body size on diet and metabolism

1 reference

12 December 2020

The Solar Radiation Area of Man

1 reference

12 December 2020

[Growth and sex dimorphism in school children according to their father's occupation]

1 reference

12 December 2020

Genetic mapping of quantitative trait loci for growth and fatness in pigs

1 reference

12 December 2020

Socio-economic and dietary influences on leg length and trunk length in childhood: a reanalysis of the Carnegie (Boyd Orr) survey of diet and health in prewar Britain (1937-39)

1 reference

12 December 2020

Identifiers

DOI

10.3390/IJERPH7031047

1 reference

3399488

3399488

1 reference

1 reference

1 reference